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To study how stars and planets are born we have to look at star cradles hidden in cool clouds of dust. Far-infrared telescopes are able to pierce through those clouds. Conventionally, niobium nitride bolometers are used as the detectors, despite their low operating temperature of 4 Kelvin (-269° Celsius).
Optical modeling techniques for multimode horn-coupled power
Infrared telescope - Wikipedia
First Light for World's Largest 'Thermometer Camera
Putting the spotlight on infrared sensor technology
ALIR-I (Infrared Telescope) - 10/7/1979
Far-Infrared Astronomy from Space
SEM picture of a fabricated bolometer. The Ti/Au thermometer on
High-End Vacuum Research
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